Colonialism and African Culture in 19-20th Centuries Essay

Imperialism and African Culture in 19-twentieth Centuries - Essay Example Conrad plots an European point of view on African imperialism in the story Heart of Darkness contained in the book Bedford Anthology of World Literature. The narrative of Heart of Darkness depends on Charles Marlowe, who consumes his time on earth as an ivory transporter in along the Congo River. He is a chief and is disheartened when he passes the land territories and from a far distance, he could see people of color trying sincerely while under watch by equipped men. He comes to know about Kutz and thinks he is a symbol. Later he understands that Mr Kutz is a trick; he is occupied with human arrangements instead of Marlow’s ivory transporter work. In opposition to Marlow’s desire, he acquires one of Kutz letters composed: â€Å"exterminate the brutes.† Kutz was a specialist who was gathering data for Europe. Each opportunity Marlow would arrive close to the shore, the explorer would start shooting, yet with the sound of his liner and this would make them quit s tarting to shoot. (Davis et al, 18). Marlow discovers Kutz letters when he kicks the bucket. He willingly volunteers to convey them while as yet concealing a portion of the data back to his loved ones. To his fiancã ©e, there was a note composed â€Å"to my intended† however he reveals to her that Kutz final words were her name. The organization that utilized both Kutz and Marlow had its advantage concentrated on the whereabouts of ivory (Davis et al, 14). Then again, African culture and reactions are obvious in Africa through the narrative of Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe in the book Bedford Anthology of World Literature. The story stars a pioneer known as Okwonko. He was the very much bodied pioneer who was the nearby wrestling champion in the town. The book focuses because of British imperialism and correlation against the African culture. The content additionally covers Christianity and the impacts it brought to the individuals of Igbo community. Okwonko is a pioneer who attempts to cover his shortcomings and at all cost attempts to abstain from capitulating to his father’s fate.â Â

Sales of medical products in the internet Essays

Deals of clinical items in the web Essays Deals of clinical items in the web Essay Deals of clinical items in the web Essay Today, drugs and other pharmaceutical items are being promoted through the web and this case had gotten numerous reactions in light of the guideline law. In most clinical morals and norms, advancement and notice of pharmaceutical items through the web is disallowed. In light of the conspicuous doing of many medication organizations in promoting their items, the medication pharmaceutical items controllers were frightened in the issue. They went to International Conference of Drug Regulatory Authorities which occurred in Bahrain in November 1996 to raise their anxiety with respect to on the issue of promoting drug items in the web (Information).Standards and Ethical issuesThe fundamental motivation behind why sedate controllers raised the issue is on the grounds that on the wellbeing and believability of the medication items being acquainted with the individuals. As per the medication controllers, those organizations who publicize their medication items have no endorsement on their met hod of advancement. Therefore, the security factor on the medications being publicized in the web has no 100% confirmation that it is protected to take. Additionally, when an individual who buys a medication in the web may have buy an inappropriate medication and in the end it will prompt disease rather than fix (Information).But for what reason will an individual buy an inappropriate medication? The appropriate response is, the point at which an individual acquire tranquilize in the web, that individual missed a portion of the human services methodology that is a piece of the principles in a medicinal services industry. Before anybody is given a medication remedy, the person in question should first under go clinical exams, analysis, advising or drug specialist control (Mills, Wilkinson and Bromham). These means were missed by an individual who got its medication in the web. These means are standard working methods in a medicinal services industry. That is the reason tranquilize co ntrollers emphatically differ on the offer of clinical items in the internet.There will likewise an opportunity that off-mark clinical items will be given to the buyers. Also, off-name clinical items are viewed as void since it might mess wellbeing up (Wilfond).ActionsThe nature of the clinical items isn't monitored in this sort of technique. Numerous organizations that deliver and plan their own clinical items might be imitated by different organizations (Cone). On the off chance that this occurred, wellbeing dangers will rise which is considered as a danger. The World Health Organization likewise made a move on the said issue. It had framed a gathering that will screen and regulate every single clinical exchange being done in the internet.The unique gathering of individuals that was made by WHO will direct all clinical exchange done in the web. Information with respect to on the consequences for the offer of clinical items on those purchasers were assembled and was broke down. The consequence of the investigation will result to strategy making that will be carefully executed by WHO.The Division of Drug Management and Policies will assume the liability given to them by WHO. The said gathering will suggest new approaches that will be a reaction on the issue worried on the offer of clinical items in the web. This new strategies will control the commercial and offer of clinical items in the internet.Ethical issues and measures of clinical systems are turning out to be pointless when the administration despite everything permit burrowed organizations to promote and sell their clinical items in the ill-advised way. These clinical organizations must agree to the moral measures with the goal that the wellbeing and the soundness of the buyers is as yet the main need (Fefer).

Free Essays on Homers Odyssey:Discussion of the Final Volume, Book XXIV :: Odyssey essays

The Odyssey: A Discussion of the Final Volume, Book XXIV   Homer’s epic, The Odyssey is the great story of the homecoming of the warrior and ruler Odysseus. It is one of the most suffering bits of writing known to man. The exercises and stories from the epic are extraordinary. Nonetheless, there are a few troubles that the contemporary peruser has with The Odyssey. These incorporate issues, for example, troublesome language, digressive stories, and the stanza style it was written in. Be that as it may, the focal point of this paper is the last volume of the epic. This volume, Book XXIV, is typically noted as rather unsatisfying. Many accept that it is basically an epilog (having the epic truly finishes in Book XXII when Odysseus executed the admirers.) Some researchers accept that the last book isn't even Homeric. This article will talk about why Book XXIV is a decent end and how it identifies with the remainder of the story, which would give a case to it being Homeric. In Book XXIV, entitled Warriors, Farewell, Homer wouldn't appear to like to have a terrific closure, but instead conveniently wrap up the entirety of the last details. There are three significant parts to this book, they include: the journey of the suitors’ shades to Hades and discourse among Agamemnon and Amphimedon; the tale of Odysseus and Telemakhos visiting Odysseus’ father, Laertes; and the beginning of tje fight between the groups of the admirers and the place of Odysseus and Laertes (which could have destroyed the nation of Ithaca) which was halted by the Zeus and Athena. Homer beginnings Book XXIV in Hades as Agamemnon and Akhilleus welcome the shades of the admirers that Odysseus executed in Book XXII. One of the shades tells Agamemnon of how Penelope was dependable and how Odysseus came back to deliver his retribution. Agamemnon, who upon his homecoming after the Trojan war was executed by his two-timing spouse, was amazed by this story. This is completely predictable with the prior portrayal of Agamemnon in Hades (Book XI) in which he advises Odysseus to be careful with Penelope for she may have been unfaithful. This gathering among Agamemnon and the shades of the admirers bodes well since the tale of Agamemnon was one regularly alluded to during the epic. This kind of polishes off the Agamemnon story. The presentation of the suitors’ conceals additionally serves to once more strengthen the topic of friendliness.

Organisational Learning and Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hierarchical Learning and Design - Essay Example Beforehand, it was accepted that the organizations need to recognize the unprecedented potential up-and-comers and set them up for future senior level positions (Belet, 2007). As of late, the associations have focused on the significance of changing the business structures with the goal that the way of life basic for learning endeavors can be bolstered (Mishra and Bhaskar, 2011). Besides, there should be a harmony between the initiative and the executives advancement perspectives with the goal that changes are handily started. So as to assess the hugeness and difficulties of the learning associations, two articles have been checked on. As indicated by Mahoney (2000), the idea of learning organizations was started in 1990s and there is no ideal answer for making such associations. It is obligatory for the partnerships to cultivate initiative inside each degree of the associations from the executives and ranking directors to bring down administration level. Likewise, similarly significant is the origination of a culture which will help the endeavors in the turn of events and expansion of learning associations. Then again, Belet (2007) considered the idea of building high potential officials in French organizations for making learning-focused associations. As indicated by the creator, there is still nearness of the progressive and brought together initiative styles in these ventures and the authority improvement programs are inadequate in bringing the ideal changes inside the organizations. Consequently, there is necessity of inserting the learning association qualities inside the organizations so they can follow the changing business sector structures. In today’s contemporary business world, the associations need to modify their structures and systems to ensure that they have the perfect frameworks and devices for reacting to the business sectors. It has been referenced by Mahoney (2000) that it is the obligation of the executives and ranking directors to

Knowledge managementl Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Information managementl - Essay Example Development Industry has started to understand that it bodes well to discover sub-temporary workers for parts of their work and influence on their work to reveal an at long last packaged up item. Redistributing of assembling can assist organizations with concentrating of regions of capability while an a similar time guaranteeing that the other related undertakings are being taken care of with vital ability and aptitudes. A great deal of imaginative abilities are required so as to accomplish effective systems of capability that convey a significant expense and long length development venture. The development is nearly required at each point an issue is experienced in an unpredictable development venture. Information and its fitting administration adds to the reason for advancement on the straightforward rationale that a superior information delivers better arrangements. This paper looks at these the two viewpoints in UK development industry milieu at some length. ... So as to fill in as a delineation an enormous estimated state development exertion in US can be refered to as beneath: As a rule, the Department of Finance and Administration's Bureau of Building fills in as the development program director for state development extends in Mississippi. The Bureau of Building speaks to the interests of the substance and activities autonomous oversight of the expert contractual worker and constructor group (i.e., general temporary worker and sub-contractual workers). The Bureau of Building, proficient group, constructor group, and a structure charging specialist, when material, enter a legally binding relationship for a task. The Bureau of Building practices direct oversight of draftsmen, engineers, building dispatching specialists and other agreement experts, while it performs aberrant management of the development temporary workers through the essential expert contractual worker and the structure authorizing operator. Since the department doesn't have the in-house ability to play out a portion of the plan and development assignments that some private development prog ram chiefs can give, it might utilize engineers, contract experts, modelers, or development venture overseers to oversee and screen ventures. The department has power to propel adherence to contract determinations and calendars, applying approvals to firms or people inside the constructor group that don't satisfy their responsibilities(Joint,2005). The above is a run of the mill case of a development the executives circumstance in rather calm and organized administrative circumstance while the US development industry's private area was unquestionably increasingly unique and creative. Development the executives had a genuine solid start in the US. In the arrangement of acquisition under

Introducing Geistesblitz Tools - Focus

Introducing Geistesblitz Tools - Focus Please note: This article was last updated in 2007 and the Geistesblitz function is now only available for Apple Watch. For more details, please visit mindmeister.com/apps GEISTESBLITZ, (noun, m.) [gæstes blîts]: literally translated as mind flash, a sudden insight or idea, often brilliant and unexpected. Consisting of the German words Geist (as in Zeitgeist) and Blitz (as in Blitzen, that lightning-fast reindeer of Santa Claus), it is probably best translated into English as brain wave or flash of genius. The Geistesblitz Tools allow you to quickly submit your ideas (or Geistesblitzes) to your default map in MindMeister (remember, you can set your default map in the Properties dialog). The ideas will be inserted in a special branch top left of the root and remain there for you to copy to other maps, or move around in the default map. Geistesblitz tools currently come in two flavours: Dashboard Widget / Sidebar Gadget Set up the widget once with your MindMeister username and password, and fire off new ideas at will! Using the widget is fast and intuitive and besides, we think it looks rather dashing System Requirements: Mac OS X (10.4+) or Windows Vista Quicksearch Extensions Submit your ideas to your MindMeister default map directly from the search field in the top right-hand corner of your web browser. If you use the Remember me function on the MindMeister login form, you wont even have to sign in! System Requirements: Firefox 2.x or Internet Explorer 7 Introducing Geistesblitz Tools - Focus Please note: This article was last updated in 2007 and the Geistesblitz function is now only available for Apple Watch. For more details, please visit mindmeister.com/apps GEISTESBLITZ, (noun, m.) [gæstes blîts]: literally translated as mind flash, a sudden insight or idea, often brilliant and unexpected. Consisting of the German words Geist (as in Zeitgeist) and Blitz (as in Blitzen, that lightning-fast reindeer of Santa Claus), it is probably best translated into English as brain wave or flash of genius. The Geistesblitz Tools allow you to quickly submit your ideas (or Geistesblitzes) to your default map in MindMeister (remember, you can set your default map in the Properties dialog). The ideas will be inserted in a special branch top left of the root and remain there for you to copy to other maps, or move around in the default map. Geistesblitz tools currently come in two flavours: Dashboard Widget / Sidebar Gadget Set up the widget once with your MindMeister username and password, and fire off new ideas at will! Using the widget is fast and intuitive and besides, we think it looks rather dashing System Requirements: Mac OS X (10.4+) or Windows Vista Quicksearch Extensions Submit your ideas to your MindMeister default map directly from the search field in the top right-hand corner of your web browser. If you use the Remember me function on the MindMeister login form, you wont even have to sign in! System Requirements: Firefox 2.x or Internet Explorer 7

The Old Man and the Sea Themes - Free Essay Example

In The Old Man and the Sea the author, Ernest Hemingway, uses methods of characterization and point of view in order to help the reader better understand the storys characters. In this novela, the old man, Santiago, and the boy, Manolin, have an inseparable friendship. Even with Santiago growing older each day Manolin still treats him like the greatest fisherman alive, and serves him with whatever he needs. In The Old Man and the Sea, Ernest Hemingway uses Santiagos thoughts and Manolins actions to introduce and develop their characters throughout the story. The thoughts of Santiago in this story show his unwillingness to accept defeat even in his darkest moments out on the treacherous sea. As Santiago is at a constant battle with the Marlin and in his worst state physically he thinks to himself, a man can be destroyed but not defeated (93). Destruction means to completely ruin or spoil. Throughout the novel Santiago has experienced destruction from day one. He starts off with not catching a fish for 84 consecutive days, but he never stopped returning to the sea everyday. He continued to be unsuccessful each day, but his spirit and pride prevented him from accepting defeat. Even in the fight with the Marlin he had the choice to spare his life and let the fish go, or continue his fight and reel the fish in. The choice that Santiago made displays the type of man he is and his unwillingness to give up even in the face of death. As the old man continues his battle with the marlin he begins to think about nature and the marlins feelings. As h e plunges deep into thought he thinks, besides, he thought, everything kills everything else in some way. Fishing kills me exactly as it keeps me alive (48). Santiago knows that he is becoming older and fishing is not as easy as it used to be in his younger days. The reason that Santiago is still a fisherman, even at his age, is because he wants to feel important. The old man wants to feel as if he has a place in society and he isnt just a waste of space. Hemingway gives the reader Santiagos thoughts in order to show his strong pride and determination even when his physical state has been depleted over and over again. Ernest Hemingway uses Manolins actions to show his willingness to always help Santiago, and also his gratitude towards the old man for teaching him how to fish. Manolin would always watch, the old man come in each day with his skiff empty and he always went down to help him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was furled around the mass (1). Santiago was the man who taught Manolin how to fish at the age of five years old. Ever since then Santiago and Manolin have had a very close friendship because fishing in their society is a way of life and survival. By teaching Manolin how to fish Santiago taught him how to care for himself and survive, so now Manolin is the one helping the old man. Manolins parents have forbidden him from fishing with the old man because of his terrible luck. However, this has not stopped Manolin from helping the old man unload his gear everyday and returning to Santiagos hut to make sure he has eaten and drunk. In addition to helping Santiago unload everyday, Manolin is always eager to help the old man in any way possible. One night in Santiagos hut Manolin says to him, can I go out to get sardines for you for tomorrow? No. Go and play baseball. I can still row and Rogelio will throw the net. I would like to go. If I cannot fish with you. I would like to serve in some way (12). A very important reason for Manolin serving Santiago is that he wants to remind the old man he is the greatest fisherman alive. Manolin does not help Santiago because he pities him and thinks he cannot do the tasks himself. He helps Santiago because he feels he owes him a debt for teaching him how to fish all those years ago. Santiago helped the boy when he was younger, so now the boy is helping Santiago as a way to repay him and show gratitude. The actions of Man olin are used to show gratitude towards Santiago for teaching him how to fish, and his willingness to always help the old man. Ernest Hemingway used the third person omniscient point of view in The Old Man and the Sea in order to give the reader more insight on the character of Santiago. In using this point of view a narrator tells the story almost as if they are on the outside looking in, and the reader is able to gain knowledge on Manolin and Santiagos thoughts. Through the thoughts of Manolin the reader is able to better understand the character of Santiago. One night when the boy was in Santiagos hut he thought to himself, where did you wash? The boy thought. The village water supply was two streets down the road. I must have water here for him, the boy thought, and soap and a goo towel. Why am I so thoughtless? I must get him another shirt and a jacket for the winter and some sort of shoes and another blanket (21). The narrator chose to give us these thoughts of Manolin, so the reader can view Santiago from another characters perspective. The thoughts of Manolin reveal Santiagos character as someone Manolin cares deeply about. He views Santiago as a fragile man and he believes he needs to take care of him, hence the blankets, soap, and water. The third person omniscient point of view was used to help the reader better understand the character of Santiago. In conclusion, Ernest Hemingway uses the methods of point of view and characterization to better develop the characters in the story, The Old Man and the Sea. In, The Old Man and the Sea, the author uses Manolins actions and Santiagos thoughts to develop and show the growth of their characters as the story unfolds. In this novela, Manolin takes care of Santiago because of their inseparable friendship. When Manolin was just five years old Santiago brought him out onto a boat and taught him how to fish. This skill, in their society, is very valuable and Manolin feels he owes Santiago a great debt for teaching him how to fish. This novel teaches the reader that a mans p ride and strength can carry him through any physical pain that might be thrown at him, and the accomplishment at the end will be greater than the challenge.

Inference A Critical Assumption in Reading Comprehension

When evaluating a students  reading comprehension, his or her ability to make an inference based on the assigned critical reading section will greatly influence overall performance. This critical  reading comprehension skill  is necessary to grasp concepts related to the  main idea, the  authors purpose, and the  writers tone. An inference is an assumption made based on specific evidence, and though students make inferences in their lives every day, it may be difficult for some to demonstrate an ability to make assumptions on a piece of writing, such as defining a word by examing the vocabulary term in context. Allowing students to observe real-life examples of making inferences and routinely asking practice questions that require them to make educated guesses using specific examples will help improve their ability to make inferences, which can go a long way to ensuring they pass standardized reading comprehension tests. Explaining Inferences in Real Life In order to develop this critical reading comprehension skill, teachers should help students understand the concept by explaining it in a real world context, then applying it to testing questions which require students to make inferences given a set of facts and information. All sorts of people use inferences in both their daily and professional lives all the time. Doctors make inferences when they diagnose conditions by looking at X-rays, MRIs, and communication with the patient; crime scene investigators make inferences when they follow clues like fingerprints, DNA, and footprints to find out how and when the crime was committed; mechanics make inferences when they run diagnostics, tinker around in the engine, and chat with you about how your car is acting to figure out whats wrong under the hood. Presenting students with a situation without giving them the full story than asking them to guess what happens next is a good way to practice making inferences on given information. Students will have to use your tone, character and action descriptions, and language style and usage to determine what could possibly happen, which is exactly what theyll need to do on a test of their reading comprehension skills. Inferences on Standardized Tests Most standardized tests for reading comprehension and vocabulary include a multitude of inference questions that challenge students to use context clues to answer questions based on either the vocabulary used or the events that happened in the passage. Common questions on reading comprehension tests include: According to the passage, we can reasonably infer...Based on the passage, it could be suggested that...Which of the following statements is best supported by the passage?The passage suggests that this primary problem... An inference question will often use the words suggest or infer right in the tag, and since your students will be educated about what an inference is and what it is not, they will understand that in order to come to a conclusion, they must use evidence or support presented in the passage. Once they are able to process this, they can then choose the best answer on  multiple-choice tests  or write in a brief explanation on open-ended quizzes.

Analysis On The Go - 964 Words

In the early 2000’s, Scott F. Kiesling collected data on, and analyzed the use of the phrase ‘dude’. This phrase, used both in the 2000’s, and in the present time, acts as a form of familiar address. Patterns of use are established through examining both Kiesling’s data, and data collected exclusively for a course held at California State University, Long Beach. The data located in the appendix was amassed over a period of days. In contrast, Kiesling’s data spans over a period of years. Because there is such a vast difference between the author and Kiesling’s studies, there is a rather extreme difference in quantity of data. With the comparison of both Kiesling s data and my own that the patterns identified in the 2000 s have continued well into the 21st century. The data collected in 2015 was, as previously stated, taken ‘on-the-go’, as the author went about her daily life. Therefore, the instances detailed in the index we re heard at California State University, Long Beach, a small electronics retailer in Torrance, CA, and miscellaneous retail stores in both Torrance and Gardena, CA, visited sporadically during the dates of October 12, 2015 and October 19, 2015. It stands to reason that the places and persons the data was collected from are a reflection of the collector: a working student. For instance, much of the data collected was taken either inside CSULB classrooms, the campus library, or her place of employment. It was discovered during the course of the weekShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie Sassy Go Going Go 1112 Words   |  5 PagesKorean TV dramas also illustrate the distortion of the Confucius virtue, filial piety, surrounding the life of students in dramas such as Sassy Go Go (Balchikhage Gogo, 2015) and Who Are You: School 2015 (Hooayoo- Hakgyo 2015). 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Gollum turned his glowing eyes to look back at the wearyRead MoreAnalysis Of Never Let Me Go889 Words   |  4 PagesLetting Go: Use of the fictional song â€Å"Never Let Me Go† in Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go Kazuo Ishiguro’s 2005 novel Never Let Me Go follows Kathy H and her friends Ruth and Tommy through their years at Hailsham, the Cottages, and while she is a donor, all while the three grow up and grow apart. Never Let Me Go is written from the perspective of Kathy H., one of the many clones in a society where humans are cloned and the clones are then sent to schools to learn and grow up. After the clones come of

Definition and Examples of Verbal Placeholders

Similar to a filler word, a placeholder is a word (such as whatchamacallit) used by speakers to signal that they dont know or cant remember a more precise word for something. Also known as a  kadigan, tongue-tipper, and dummy noun. Examples and Observations You need something to sell. Now this could be anything. It could be a thingamajig. Or a whosi-whatsi. Or [pulls out a Watchamacallit candy bar from his pocket] a Whatchamacallit.(Steve Carell as Michael Scott in Business Office, The Office)Work, the whats-its-name of the thingummy and the thing-um-a-bob of the what dyou-call-it.(P.G. Wodehouse, Psmith, Journalist, 1915)I have unspiked the sliding doors at the far end of the barn, so that the greatly increased flow of visitors can move past the whatchamacallit without eddies and backwash. In one end they go, and out the other.  (Kurt Vonnegut, Bluebeard. Delacorte Press, 1987)It will do magic,Believe it or not,Bibbidi-bobbidi-boo.Now Salagadoola meansA-Menchika-boola-roo,But the thingamabobThat does the jobIs Bibbidi-bobbidi-boo.(Al Hoffman, Mack David, and Jerry Livingston, Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo. Cinderella, 1950) Doodad doodad n (Variations: do-dad or do-funny or doofunny or do-hickey or doohickey or do-hinky or doohinky or do-jigger or doojigger or doowhangam or do-whistle or doowhistle or do-willie or doowillie) Any unspecified or unspecifiable thing: something one does not know the name of or does not wish to name.  (Barbara Ann Kipfer and Robert L. Chapman, American Slang, 4th ed. Collins Reference, 2008) Placeholders Placeholders . . . have little or no semantic meaning and should rather be interpreted pragmatically. The placeholder words that Channell discusses... are thing, thingummy (with the variants thingummyjig and thingummybob), whatsisname, whatnot, whosit, and whatsit... Incidentally, they are all defined as slang in Cassells Dictionary of Slang (2000)... The situation where the next dialogue occurs reveals that Fanny does not know the name of the boy who was laughing with Achil and uses thingie as a placeholder: Fanny: And I walked off and like I just walked away and Achil and thingy were laughing at, you know, just not at me at how how crap [name]Kate: [Yeah.]Fanny: had been and how I had to go away.(142304: 13-215) Thingamajig occurs four times with reference to an object and twice with reference to a person. In (107) we meet 14-year-old Carola and Semantha . . . from Hackney: Carola: Can I borrow your thingamajig?Semantha: I dont know what thingamajig it is.(14078-34) Semanthas reaction shows that there is no doubt that thingamajig belongs to the category of vague words. It obviously refers to an object that Carola would like to borrow, but Semantha apparently has no idea of what she is referring to.  (Anna-Brita Stenstrà ¶m et al., Trends in Teenage Talk: Corpus Compilation, Analysis, and Findings. John Benjamins, 2002) Douglas Adams on the Placeholder in Do-Re-Mi One particularly niggling piece of Unfinished Business, it occurred to me the other day in the middle of a singing session with my five-year-old daughter, is the lyrics to ‘Do-Re-Mi,’ from The Sound of Music... Each line of the lyric takes the names of a note from the sol-fa scale, and gives it meaning: ‘Do (doe), a deer, a female deer; Re (ray), a drop of golden sun,’ etc. All well and good so far. ‘Mi (me), a name I call myself; Fa (far), a long, long way to run.’ Fine. I’m not saying this is Keats, exactly, but it’s a perfectly good conceit and it’s working consistently. And here we go into the home stretch. ‘So (sew), a needle pulling thread.’ Yes, good. ‘La, a note to follow so . . . What? Excuse me? ‘La, a note to follow so . . . What kind of lame excuse for a line is that?â€Å"Well, it’s obvious what kind of line it is. It’s a placeholder. A placeholder is what a writer puts in when he can’t think of the right line or idea just at the moment, but he’d better put in something and come back and fix it later. So, I imagine that Oscar Hammerstein just bunged in a ‘a note to follow so’ and thought he’d have another look at it in the morning.Only when he came to have another look at it in the morning, he couldn’t come up with anything better. Or the next morning. Come on, he must have thought, this is simple. Isn’t it? La . . . a something, something ... what?’...â€Å"How difficult can it be? How about this for a suggestion? ‘La, a ... a ...--well, I can’t think of one at the moment, but I think that if the whole world pulls together on this, we can crack it.(Douglas Adams, Unfinished Business of the Century. The Salmon of Doubt: Hitchhiking the Galaxy One Last Time. Macmillan, 2002)

The Holocaust The Final Solution to the Jewish Problem...

The Holocaust is defined as destruction or slaughter on a mass scale, especially caused by fire or nuclear war. Following 1945, the word has taken on a new meaning referring to the mass slaughtering of millions of European Jews as well as other persecuted groups (gypsies and homosexuals), by the German Nazi regime during the Second World War. In Europe the Jews experienced anti-Semitism (hostility or prejudice against Jews) which dated back to the ancient world, to the time when the Jewish temples were destroyed and they were forced to leave Palestine by Roman authorities. This wide-spread hatred of the Jews augmented the virulent mindset behind the Holocaust. On the night of January 30, 1933, an event occurred that spearheaded the†¦show more content†¦The vast Nazi rallies including symbolic acts such as the public burning of books written by Jews, Communists, liberals, and foreigners helped vocalize the party’s strength. By 1933, the Jewish population in Germany was around 525,000 people which was only one percent of the total German population. During the years to follow, Nazis established an â€Å"Aryanization† of Germany. Non- Aryans (non- Germans) were dismissed from civil service, Jewish- owned businesses were liquidated, and Jewish layers and doctors were stripped of their clients. Later in 1935, the Nuremberg Laws were enacted by the Nazi government. The Nuremberg Laws were composed of two new racial laws, the Reich Citizenship Law and the Law to Protect German Blood and Honor. The Nuremberg Laws restricted Jews, it declared that anyone who had three or four Jewish grandparents would be deemed as a Jew, and anyone with two Jewish grandparents would be deemed a Mischlinge (half-breed). The Nuremberg Laws led to Jews becoming targets of wide-spread discrimination and persecution. These laws stripped Jews of their German citizenship and outlawed marriage and sexual intercourse between Jews and non-Jews. They also prohibited Jews fro m obtaining certain jobs (such as jobs in the government, medical field, and in law). They prohibited Jews from certain entertainment and recreational activities (such as parks, beaches, theaters, sporting events). Under the Nuremberg Laws Jews were also prohibitedShow MoreRelatedEssay about Evidence for the Holocaust844 Words   |  4 PagesEvidence for the Holocaust The reason for the development of the final solution is under much historical debate. There is the structuralists who believe it was a result of wartime problems, that it was a improvised response to the problems. However there is the intentionalists who believe Hitler planned the holocaust due to his pathological hatred of the Jews. Now in this essay I am going to present the evidence for both schools of thought. There is substantialRead MoreHitler s Ideology And The Nazi Bureaucracy1674 Words   |  7 Pageshistorical debate between two schools of thought on the horrific actions carried out by the Third Reich that resulted in the extermination of millions of Jewish people across Europe. The Intentionalists stress the consistency, sequence and persistence of the Nazi s anti-Jewish policies as a clear indication that the genocide we call the Holocaust was a top-down affair implemented in accord with Adolf Hitler s absolute will. Functionalists however argue that the genocide resulted from a numberRead MoreThe Final Solution For World War II1668 Words   |  7 PagesHundreds of thousands of Jews had already been murdered during World War II when The Final Solution made its appearance. When Hitler and his party, the Nazis, were elected in 1932, (The History Place) Hitler’s ambitions seemed far-fetched. In 1941, two years after World War II had begun; Adolf Hitler’s plan to erase the Jewish population was already underway and fully operating right under everyone’s nose. In Germany, Austria, Poland, and Belgium, thousands of people were being killed monthly, butRead MoreHow The Holocaust Was A Long Term Plan1461 Words   |  6 PagesAssess the View That the Holocaust Was Mainly the Result of a Long Term Plan by Hitler to Eliminate the Jews Of the four historians, it is Kershaw, Goldhagen, and Peukert who propose the idea that the holocaust was a long-term plan and Berghahn who argues that it was a reaction to the circumstances brought about by expansion during world war two. All of the historians agree to a certain degree that the extermination of the Jewish people from Germany was a long term idea of Hitler’s, but it is atRead MoreThe Effects Of Jews On Jewish Population During The Nazi Regime1119 Words   |  5 Pagesconcerns the Final Solution of the Nazis concerning the Jews. On January 20th 1942, 15 leading officials of the Nazi state met at a villa in Wannsee, a suburb of Berlin, to discuss the â€Å"Final solution of the Jewish Question† (â€Å"The Final Solution,† 2015). They used the term â€Å"Final Solution† to refer to their plan to annihilate the Jewish people. It is not known when the leaders of Nazi Germany definitively decided to implement their plan to eradicate the Jewsâ⠂¬  (â€Å"United States Holocaust Memorial MuseumRead MoreEssay on Causes Effects of the Holocaust1422 Words   |  6 PagesCauses Effects of the Holocaust There are times in history when desperate people plagued by desperate situations blindly give evil men power. These men, once given power, have only their own evil agendas to carry out. The Holocaust was the result of one such mans agenda. In short simplicity, shear terror, brutality, inhumanity, injustice, irresponsibility, immorality, stupidity, hatred, and pure evil are but a few words to describe the Holocaust. A holocaust is defined as a disaster thatRead MoreThe Nazi Party1100 Words   |  5 Pagesa meeting was held with fifteen men who were either part of the Nazi party or other powerful government leaders. The meeting took place in a wealthy area in Berlin on a lake that was named Wannsee. The â€Å"final solution to the jewish question† was the focus of the meeting. The term â€Å"final solution† was the phrase used by the Nazi’s for their plan for the extermination of all European Jews. This meeting was the first time that the government leaders not involved with the Nazi party were introduced toRead MoreHy3 Personal Sources Pack1122 Words   |  5 PagesCynffig Comprehensive School 68538 HY3 Assessment ‘Personal sources pack’ Assignment title ‘The Holocaust was the result of Hitler’s long-held grand design to pursue a programme of annihilation against the Jews.’ Pack Created by: Ryan Buckle Attributions in normal text and sources are in boxes with italic writing. History HY3 sources Intentionalist Document 9 Speech delivered by Hitler in Salzburg, 7 or 8 August 1920. (NSDAP meeting) Source: D Irving, The War Path: HitlerRead MoreThe Holocaust : Its Causes And How It Was Carried Out1497 Words   |  6 PagesDestiny Corbitt Shawn Underell The Holocaust 21 February 2016 The Holocaust The holocaust is one of the memorable events in history and it is important to know some of its causes and how it was carried out. The Holocaust is a controlled torture that killed roughly six million Jews by the Nazi government, led by Adolf Hitler. Apart from the Jews, other groups considered inferior or anti-establishment such as Poles, Romans and gypsies were also killed. There were several reasons for these grisly murdersRead More The Origins of the Holocaust Essay1547 Words   |  7 PagesThe question of the origins of the Holocaust has been studied by scholars using several differing approaches. These interpretations are outlined by Donald Niewyk in The Holocaust as the long history of European anti-Semitism, the charismatic personality of Adolf Hitler and the influence of modern â€Å"scientific† racism or eugenics. These interpretations are illustrated in the works of John Weiss, Ian Kershaw, and Henry Friedlander. Niewyk uses Weiss to identify the interpretation of ancient anti-Semitism

Key Players Decision Making in Terrorist Incidents Free Essays

Decision making is defined as â€Å"simply the act of choosing among available alternatives about which uncertainty exists† (Mingst, p. 457). However, decision making is not an easy process especially with the participiation of individuals within the government. We will write a custom essay sample on Key Players: Decision Making in Terrorist Incidents or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Individual elites or the â€Å"key players’† decisions and actions greatly affect the course of events as well as the situation of the country when one of various factors are present and one of which is during time of crisis like terrorist incidents (Mingst, p. 133). The decisions made by these elite individuals are influence by politics within the government which eventually affect their actions (Mingst p. 460). The effects of the choices that they make are not always advantageous as sometimes it have its adverse consequences in the situation of the ccountry. A good example to exemplified such idea is the aftermath of President George W. Bush’s decision to attack Iraq. Three imporatnt areas were badly affected by it, the country’s domestic cohesion, the international standing of the United States of America and the insecurity felt by those immediately affected by the decision. The domestic cohesion of the United States of America has been greatly affected by Pres. Bush’s decision . Many citizens especially the ones leaning towards the democratic side did not agree with his reasons of doing such in the name of U.S. battle against the war on terror. Moreover, the domestic consensus became much harder to achieve with the issue of personal gain. Opening   Iraq’s oil economy would greatly benefit the Bush family, being a member of one of the largest American oil company the Washington’s Carlyle Group (Chenoy, p. 23 ). A clear   indication of which is the drop in the approval ratings of the president after his speech that ordered the deployment of more troops in Iraq. Sixty percent of those who were surveyed expressed their disapproval in Pres. Bush’s performance (Iraq drives Bush’s rating to new low, 2006). Another area that is adversely afftected is the international standing of the country. Many states as well as international organizations are not in favor of the U.S. president’s course of action. This immediately put the country in a bad light especially its leader because the non-approval of these states emphasizes the illegitimacy of this action. A good example is the European Union (EU) that has been the country’s partner in economic activities but they didn’t support Bush’s action against Iraq. EU believes that America’s unilateral strategy would not benefit their multi-polar interest (Chenoy, p. 25 ). Lastly, is the effects of this decision to the citizens of Iraq as well as to the U.S. soldiers.  Ã‚   The war has left numerous casualties in terms of death tolls, damage to property, as well as the over all security of the country (Chenoy, p. 27). According to the Iraq Body Count Project (IBC), there were 947 civilian deaths reported between 1st and 27th of February this year (Enforced security: solution or stopgap?). The weight of an elite individual’s decisions and actions is greatly felt in crisis situation like terrorist incidents. The choices they make could have numerous effects in the country of their leadership and to others as well. Unfortunately, the politically driven decision of these â€Å"key players† could have adverse consequences in the lives of many people. Works Cited Chenoy, Anuradha. Demystifying Terrorism : a War Against Terror The Terror Of War, US   Ã‚  Ã‚   Hegemony Militarism. ARENA, 1997. â€Å"Enforced security: solution or stopgap?†. 28 February 2008. Iraq Body Count. 12 May 2008. https://www.iraqbodycount.org/analysis/beyond/enforced-security/. â€Å"Iraq drives Bush’s ratings to a new low†. 14 March 2006. CNN. 12 May 2008.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ;http://edition.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/03/13/bush.poll/;. Mingst, Karen. Essentials of International Relations. Norton, 2001. How to cite Key Players: Decision Making in Terrorist Incidents, Essay examples

Marketing Of Dominos Australia Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Of Domino's Australia. Answer: Introduction Domino's is considered as one the biggest and famous company globally.The services and products that are given by Domino's are innovative and it encourages customers to purchase the product. Domino's also provided door to door facility and take away service to its customers so that the satisfaction level of the customers can be enhanced. The Domino's Australia provides Italian American food to its customers and also provides various types of pizza. Domino's was established in 1960 by Tom Monaghan and the 25th anniversary of the company was celebrated in the UK in 2010. The mission of the company is to give proper services and to achieve a large market share. In 1960 Domino's began its activities from a single store and known as the leaders of the pizza business. The activities of Domino's are conducted in more than 11,000 stores and in more than 70 countries. Approximately more than 400 pizzas are supplied to the customers globally in each day. Earlier pizza was only the product that is offered by the company but to survive in the competitive market Dominos has prolonged the product line and there are many products like pasta which are available on the outlets. The market share of the company is large and it needs more dominance to enhance the operations of the market. SWOT Analysis Strength By considering the present scenario, it is seen that the company is the leader in the market that offer varieties of pizza to its customers. The image of the company is good in the market that induces customers to consume the quality product. It is seen that the company offer quality and taste in the products. The employees of the organization are motivated by the top management so that they can give their best to achieve the overall goals and objectives. The company offer home delivery services and also good products. The major strength influenced by Domino's is that they have proper infrastructure and delivery services. There are competitor who does not have a good infrastructure and delivery services. By the restaurants, the organization gives emphasis on altered segments that are not done by the other competitors of the company. Like the target is on all the age group people (David and David, 2016). Weaknesses It is related to the high over costs just because of the good location of the restaurants. This cost is not acquired by the competitors of the company. If the overhead cost is high then the cost of the product will be raised. It is evaluated that Domino's is measured as a low-cost producer. They offer products by giving emphasis on quality and the satisfaction of the customers. The company considers the techniques that are related to the innovation of the products. Due to saturation in the Australian market, the company has also faced problem in conducting the activities. Domino's should emphasize on reducing the weakness and it is done if proper steps are taken so that Dominos can easily accomplish goals and objectives (Hamouda, 2016). Opportunities There are various opportunities that are prevailing in the market. Domino's has many chances but the right time is required to grab it. It is seen that if the product is varied then the share of the market can be enhanced. The Dominos should take into consideration many opportunities so that the utilization can be done in a proper manner. Product innovation is also the strategy that is helpful to conduct the activities in the Australian market. Domino's should approve new product line strategy for growth (Syed, 2016). Threats It is evaluated that no organization can survive for a long time without the problems or threats. The threat to the company is that the competition level in the market. The competition level is so high that it reduces the overall profitability of the company. The competitor of Domino's is pizza hut who is establishing many branches in various locations in a speedy manner. The organization should focus on a different pattern so that the risks can be minimized in a proper manner. Situational Analysis: Company Analysis It is seen that there are many competitors in the market that gives negative impact on the overall profitability of the company. By taking into Consideration Company analysis of Domino's it is analyzed that there are many effective strategies that increase the overall profits. The strategies like offering products at fewer prices or giving discount vouchers to the customers will be an advantage for the consumers. Market analysis Domino's has more than 11,000 stores in more than 70 countries. There are more than 400 million pizzas that are sold by the company globally. The market share of the company is large that helps to achieve profits in an effective manner. Environment analysis By considering the economic environment it is seen that the economic recession has given bad impact on many industries. The overall profits and revenue are minimized and the requirement of the customers is also reduced. In the Sociocultural environment, the customers are giving focus on their health so the company should offer menu by considering the health of the customers. In the technological environment, the company offers 30 minutes delivery to its customers and this strategy gives benefit so that the customers can be attracted (Armstrong et al., 2014). Competitive analysis There are many competitors of the company like pizza hut. It is evaluated that bot the brands gives emphasis on enhancing the satisfaction level of the customers. Domino's is known for its quick delivery and also if the comparison is made with pizza hut it is seen that the costs of the products and services are low (Guido et al., 2016). Domino's has covered a large market share and enhanced the activities by considering the requirements of the customer. To compete effectively it is important to promote the product so that the benefits and profitability can be achieved. Due to tough competition in this industry, it is important to take correct strategies like promotion, offering products at a low price so that the clients can be induced to avail the services and products (Aaker and Biel, 2013). References Aaker, D. A., Biel, A., 2013.Brand equity advertising: advertising's role in building strong brands. Psychology Press. Armstrong, G., Adam, S., Denize, S., Kotler, P., 2014.Principles of marketing. Pearson Australia. David, F. and David, F.R., 2016. Strategic management: A competitive advantage approach, concepts and cases. Guido, G., Peluso, A.M., Mileti, A., Capestro, M., Cambo, L. and Pisanello, P., 2016. Effects of background music endings on consumer memory in advertising.International Journal of Advertising,35(3), pp.504-518. Hamouda, M., 2016. Company-Customer Interaction via Social Media: Contributions to the Marketing Mix. InManaging Public Relations and Brand Image through Social Media(pp. 160-170). IGI Global. Syed, I., 2016. SWOT analysis and operation management decisions of Domino's pizza

Strategic Audit An Overview

Question: Prepare a two-page paper telling what a strategic audit is, does, and entails. Do you understand how it pulls together all of the business disciplines you have been studying to achieve a certain end? Answer: Strategic Audit: An Overview A strategic audit refers to the evaluation process of how effectively an organization incorporates business strategy along with the correct positioning of individuals to execute these. In case of small business firms, strategic audits on a periodic manner may refer to the difference amidst the path to success as well as drift towards financial struggles that result from an outdated or unstructured plan which fail to reflect on changing market situations. Any strategic audit usually answers the very basic questions regarding the business future, within both short-term and long-term future (Grundy, 2008). The processes of strategic audits initiate with the assessment of current strategy. It is important to view ones own business in relation with the marketplace. It is then followed by conducting SWOT analysis for reassessing the business strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for anchoring every internal as well as external factor that influences business success. This is then compared to the strategic vision of the company. The process generates an opportunity to track further path while at the same time assessing whether any sort of adjustment is required to enhance the chances of success of business firms(Ohta, n.d.). Business firms may decline due to the failure of anticipating strategic risks. These factors do not arise properly in traditional audits but impart great repercussions on occurrence. Some risks may involve declining of demand for the core business products or that of a manager who departs for a competitor. The process of strategic audit throws a light on these threats or risks, and allows one to assess the most critical ones ('Selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ audit for quality improvement', 2002). It is also said to process in a proactive acting manner to prevent all critical situations in the business processes. A strategic audit permits one to map all desirable goals to the available resources, and check where all discrepancies lie. When both the factors do not match, then it is well understood either the goals need to be readjusted or resources need change. The process of strategic audit not only needs implementation, but also needs an approach to perform, evaluate and control. In the absence of the strategic audits on a periodic basis, one may not know the entire environment has transformed and that one is heading towards the wrong path (Shannak, Obeidat Masadeh, 2012). To highlight on the importance of strategic audit, it may be inferred that internal audits can of multiple purposes. Few audits are said to assess compliance with regulations as well as laws. Some others ascertain compliance with the internal policies as well as procedures of the business firm. This strategic audit enables small firm owners to have a proper and fair knowledge about the internal organizational processes to accomplish the corporate objectives. Lastly, based on the results of this strategic audit, business management is said to adjust its operations for maximizing steady progress towards predefined objectives (Shannak, Obeidat Masadeh, 2012). Hence, it may be concluded that a strategic audit is an ongoing process and based on the audit report a business owner may implement changes within his organization. References Grundy, T. (2008). Strategic audit. Strategic Direction, 24(2). doi:10.1108/sd.2008.05624bad.008 Ohta, Y. The Role of Audit Evidence in a Strategic Audit. SSRN Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1260643 Selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ audit for quality improvement. (2002). Strategic Direction, 18(5), 17-19. doi:10.1108/02580540210793527 Shannak, R., Obeidat, B., Masadeh, R. (2012). Culture and the Implementation Process of Strategic Decisions in Jordan. Jmr, 4(4). doi:10.5296/jmr.v4i4.2160

Graeters Essay Example

Graeters Essay Questions 1. Think about the elements of Graeter’s business that have stayed the same over its long history and those that have changed. Do you think the company’s owners have chosen the right factors to change over time? Why or why not? In my opinion the owners of Graeter’s business have chosen the right factors to change: productivity increase. Graeter’s is a constantly growing business. As Graeter continues to grow the more its productivity is forced to be increased. So choosing to change its product increase to allow for a greater increased capacity was the right factor to change at Graeter’s. . Which view of social responsibility does Graeter’s management appear to take- the economic view or the socioeconomic view? What evidence in the case supports your answer? Graeter’s management appears to have developed a socioeconomic view. They have taken on responsibility not only to stock holders but also their customers, employees, suppl iers and the general public. Graeter believes in giving back to the community and its families via local charities and other initiatives. Graeter’s recently celebrated a new store opening by making a cash donation to the local public library and has given a research foundation for pediatric brain cancer the proceeds from sales of a limited-tie flavor created by the winner of a special drawing created for the purpose. 3. Do you agree with Bob Graeter about what the company’s real competition is? Why or why not? Yes, I do agree with Bob’s opinion of what the company’s real competition is. Graeter’s real competition is not from a sales standpoint but it is what consumers would most likely prefer when they want to indulge in ice cream. We will write a custom essay sample on Graeters specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Graeters specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Graeters specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Coronary risk factors Essays

Coronary risk factors Essays Coronary risk factors Paper Coronary risk factors Paper Coronary heart disease affects more than 7 million Americans. It remains the number one cause of death in the United States – mortality is more than 500,000 death cases per year. Many of these deaths can be prevented by lifestyle changes. American Hearth Association developed some evidence based factors that increase the risk of coronary heart disease and heart attack. All risk factors coulld be generally divided into two groups: controllable and uncontrollable. Uncontrollable risk factors include gender, age and heredity. Family history of premature CHD (coronary hart disease) is especially imortant for men younger than 55 and women younger than 65. Males generally are at greater risk initially, but in postmenopausal period women have equal risk. And, of course, risk increases with age. We can control blood pressure, blood cholesterol, harmful habits (like smoking, sedentary lifestyle), avoid stress. For example, people with HDL (high denisty lipids) cholesterol less than 40 mg/dl and high total level of cholesterol (more than 240 mg/dl) are at high risk of cornary diseases. Experts agree the decline in death rates from heart disease in the United States is due in part to the publics adopting a healthier lifestyle. Many deaths associated with heart disease are preventable. Many aspects of lifestyles are the key to prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD). By modifying lifestyle factors, individuals themselves hold the key to lowering their risk for developing and preventing illness and death from CHD. We need to be conscious of coronary risk factors and take the necessary steps to reduce and eliminate them. In almost all risk factors, exercise and physical activity can have a positive physiological and psychological impact to reduce or remove the contributor to he art disease. Regular, moderate to vigorous intensity exercise plays a significant role in preventing heart disease. Studies have shown that moderate exercise, when done regularly, is beneficial in reducing risk for heart disease. According to the US Surgeon Generals report, Physical Activity and Health, regular physical activity also improves life quality and its duration, prevent cancers, type 2 diabetes, arthritis and osteoporosis, relieves symptoms of depression and anxiety and improves mood, controls weight. But we should remember that exercise capacity is reduced in many patients with cardiovascular disease. In post-acute myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease and heart failure patients, exercise capacity has a strong independent prognostic impact. Even in subjects without history of heart disease, the lower the cardiorespiratory fitness the higher is the risk for cardiovascular events and mortality. With appropriate physical activity, exercise capacity is improved in most individuals. Improvement of functional capacity is associated with improvement of survival. To develop appropriate exercise program we should to determine present exercise levels (functional capacity), existing risk factors and get data of medical examinations. Client should be well motivated to reduce risk and to improve his/her cardiovascular fitness. To define exercises capacity we usually use aerobic fintness test (1-mile walkin on a treadmill), muscular fitness (push-ups or similar exercies), flexibility, BMI (body-mass index) defeninion. We should discuss the results with client, calculate a target heart range of pulse for him/her, to teach him/her how to take pulse, provide exact instructions and demonstrations. A comprehensive exercise program combines stretching, aerobic conditioning, and weight training. Inactive adults can improve their health by becoming moderately active. Exercise intensity, frequency, and duration are terms used in describing an exercise plan. Certain level of intensity is determined by the results of stress-test. The level of intensity should be â€Å"somewhat hard† to client. At least 30 – 60 minutes should be devoted to aerobic activity and maintaining heart rate within. To improve cardio respiratory capacity and control weight we usually recommend to exercise at least 3 – 5 days a week and to be moderately active most days of the week. Walking is the safest and most effective ways to improve cardiovascular fitness – it’s an ideal low impact aerobic exercise. In persons who have been sedentary in recent months, in those with known cardiovascular disease or at high risk, and in persons aged more than 40 years, the initial duration and intensity of the endurance phase should be suitably reduced. Ten minutes of gentle activity such as walking may be an appropriate first step, increasing at intervals of one week or longer according to tolerance, as fitness increases. Increments are first achieved by increasing duration. Later intensity is increased, for example by walking briskly, or by alternate walking and jogging. Dosage is affected by duration, intensity and frequency of exercise. The preferred frequency is 4-5 times weekly with an endurance phase of 20 30 minutes when a more gentle programme is chosen, or (in young fit persons) 3 times weekly with an endurance phase of 40 up to 60 minutes if it is more vigorous. While the latter option is suitable for younger persons and for fit middle-aged and older persons, a lesser duration and moderate intensity are appropriate to most middle-aged and older people, e.g. walking, fast walking, or alternate walking and jogging, or gentle swimming for 30 minutes at least 4-5 times weekly. Many authorities regard it as acceptable to divide moderate exercise such as walking into shorter aerobic periods of 10-15 minutes, 2-3 times a day, if the person finds this more acceptable. Intensity can be judged subjectively, or objectively by instructing the subject to monitor pulse rate during exercise. A training effect is obtained at rates of 60% of maximum rate fo r age, and this is the initial target rate. Supervised exercise is recommended for clients at higher risk. Such persons at higher risk, including those aged 35 years and over who have been sedentary, should undergo formal exercise ECG testing prior to selection of a programme of exercise. References: 1: Gohlke H. [Lifestyle modification is it worth it?] Herz. 2004 Feb;29(1):139-44. 2: Vallebona A, Gigli G.   [Significance of exercise capacity in cardiology] Ital Heart J Suppl. 2003 Sep;4(9):712-9. 3:   Batty GD.   Physical activity and coronary heart disease in older adults. A systematic review of epidemiological studies. Eur J Public Health. 2002 Sep;12(3):171-6. 4: LaMonte MJ, Eisenman PA, Adams TD, Shultz BB, Ainsworth BE, Yanowitz FG.   Cardiorespiratory fitness and coronary heart disease risk factors: the LDS Hospital Fitness Institute cohort. Circulation. 2000 Oct 3;102(14):1623-8. 5:   Haapanen N, Miilunpalo S, Vuori I, Oja P, Pasanen M.   Association of leisure time physical activity with the risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension and diabetes in middle-aged men and women. Int J Epidemiol. 1997 Aug;26(4):739-47. 6: Folsom AR, Arnett DK, Hutchinson RG, Liao F, Clegg LX, Cooper LS. Physical activity and incidence of coronary heart disease in middle-aged women and men. Sci Sports Exerc. 1997 Jul;29(7):901-9. 7 Moller LF, Kristensen TS, Hollnagel H.   Physical activity, physical fitness, and cardiovascular risk factors. an Med Bull. 1991 Apr;38(2):182-7.

Case analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 6

Analysis - Case Study Example Specifically, there was immense pressure from the US government for this program to be declared operational and to beat its deadline as part of the space race with the USSR (Edmondson; A 1). Finally, there was pressure from Congress for the program to become financially self-supportive. The environment NASA was operating in forced them to operate pseudo-commercially (Edmondson; A 2), which resulted in a culture of short-cuts, stress, and conflict between and within different contractors and NASA. Pressure increased before the launch of the Challenger, although they were still confident after conducting 24 successful launches. However, prior to the Challenger launch, NASA was faced with territorial battles and internal strife due to competing interests and political pressure. In short, NASA seems to have been operating in a semi-controlled decision making phase as they tried to serve industry, scientific, and military demands with a shuttle that was declared operational prior to completion of development. The decision-making process was also open to political manipulation (Edmondson; A 2), which left an impression on the employees that decision making was a political directive, leading to complacency among employees with safety decisions traded for keeping political deadlines. Roger Boisjoly was an engineer working under the Director of the Solid Rocket Motors project at Morton Thiokol (Edmondson; A 4), which was one of NASA’s contractors. His opinion on the decision to launch was that Challenger’s launch should be stopped. He gave this opinion based on data he had found about the rocket boosters meant to lift the Challenger into space, writing a memo to the Vice President of Engineering Robert Lund that the O-rings in the SRM joints were eroded and that this should be rectified (Edmondson; B 9). During the teleconference just before the Challenger launch, Boisjoly made a presentation to managers

Alcohol Abuse Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Alcohol Abuse - Research Paper Example Health profiles of familial alcohol abuse show that accumulation of alcohol dependence in the family is partly brought about by genetic variables (Freeman, 2001). There is also proof of heightened familial combination of psychoactive substance dependence and misuse (Grant & Litvak, 1997). A number of studies have discovered enlarged levels of alcohol dependence and/or abuse in family members of substance abusers in comparison to family members of alcohol-dependent individuals or those from the mainstream population. According to the health profiles of familial alcohol abuse, genetic factors play a major role in alcohol dependency. The twin, adoption, and family research substantiate the familial transfer of drug and alcohol dependence and associate genetic variables (Stelle & Scott, 2007). Epidemiological research has demonstrated that alcohol dependence is often aggravated by comorbid psychiatric disorders (Freeman, 2001). It has been discovered that 47 percent of alcohol abusers ha ve another mental problem, and a large fraction of this comorbidity is attributed to substance abuse (Freeman, 2001, 62). Individuals with mental health disorders, like bipolar disorder, depression, or anxiety are also classified as high risk, since alcohol may be exploited as a way to self-medicate (Stelle & Scott, 2007). ... ns will discuss the assessment of familial alcohol abuse using the nursing theories of Dorothea Orem and Jean Watson, the appropriate nursing intervention strategies using different components of the family systems theory, and the role of the advanced practice nurse as a case manager of familial alcohol abuse. Applying Dorothea Orem’s and Jean Watson’s Theories in the Assessment of Familial Alcohol Abuse Dorothea Orem According to Dorothea Orem, when there is a possibility to adequately care for oneself and the person has the capacity to fulfill the possibility, self-care is feasible. If, on the contrary, the need or pressure is greater than the ability of the individual to satisfy it, a discrepancy arises and this is referred to as self-care deficit (Freeman, 2001). The self-care deficit theory is the heart of the grand theory of nursing of Orem for it defines when nursing is required. Nursing is needed when an adult does not have the capacity to provide continuous nee ded self-care (Grant & Litvak, 1997). Orem’s theory then can be applied to the assessment of familial alcohol abuse in several ways. In order to discern self-care capacity of a family member experiencing alcohol dependency, a thorough assessment should also determine aspects in the person’s life that are more prone to motivate excessive alcohol consumption. These aspects, usually quite permanent and fixed personal features may give the background situation that compels individuals toward alcohol dependency, varying drinking behavior, and capably enhanced risk of regression (Grant & Litvak, 1997). From a clinical point of view, putting emphasis on these background situations may aid in determining individuals who have the capacity to self-care. A vital background feature in relation to this is an

Company overview: Astro All Asia Networks

Company overview: Astro All Asia Networks Astro All Asia Networks is a Malaysias leading cross-media group with significance presence in DTH (Direct-To-Home) TV services, commercial radio and TV programming. The group encompasses of seven different structures which includes MEASAT Broadcasting Network Systems (MBNS) or also known as Astro TV, Astro Entertainment Network (AEN), Airtime Management TV Programming Sdn Bhd (AMP) radio networks, Tayangan Unggul Sdn Bhd (TUSB), Astro Shaw Sdn Bhd, Measat Publications Sdn Bhd and Digital Five Sdn Bhd. Astro is owned by Binariang Sdn. Bhd. with 85% share and the remaining 15% is owned by Khazanah Berhad. In this study, we will take MBNS as the main organizational where sports marketing lies in this structure. MBNS was established in 1996 with 22 channels broadcasted on air. Today, MBNS broadcasts more than 125 pay-TV channels and serves to more than 2.93 million households including Malaysian TV households, rural and urban. Throughout the technology advancement, the group has paved its innovative roadmap from Standard Definition (SD) to B.yond featuring High Definition (HD) broadcast to Malaysia through Astro B.yond. Up till now, Astro TV has its own 12 HD channels on its platform. In MBNS, it is divided into seven divisions which are first, Broadcast and Operations, second is Commercial Services, third is Customer Marketing and followed by Communications, Customer Experience, Information Technology, Sales Distribution, Content Management Group, Regulatory and Government Relations, Customer Marketing and lastly Technology and New Media. MANAGEMENT TEAM Dato Rohana Rozhan Chief Executive Officer MEASAT Broadcast Network Systems Ahmad Fuaaad Kenali Chief Financial Officer MEASAT Broadcast Network Systems Dato Borhanuddin Osman Executive Director Airtime Management and Programming Sdn Bhd Zainir Aminullah Executive Director Astro Entertainment Sdn Bhd Raghvendra Madhav Executive Director India (based in New Delhi) Ken Wang Executive Director China (based in Beijing) Louis Foo General Manager MEASAT Publications Lakshmi Nadarajah General Counsel Astro CUSTOMER MARKETING TEAM In Customer Marketing, the division is sub-divided into four other segments which are firstly, Malay Segment Marketing including Malay Loyalty, secondly, Presence Marketing, followed by Chinese Marketing, Sports Marketing, and lastly International, Education, Indian and Others Segment Marketing. Diagram (1.0) below shows the divisional structure of customer marketing team: Molina Musa (Vice President) Shirley Tan (Ast.Vice President) Chinese Segment Marketing Nachiappan M.T Arasu (Ast. Vice President) Sports,International, Education and Others Herman Sophiaan (Ast. Vice President) Malay Segment and Presence Marketing Rosnah (Ast Vice President) Malay Segment Loyalty Ahmad Faisal (Ast. Vice President) Sports Marketing Nik Faidz (Ast. manager) Sabrina (Associates) Michelle Goh (Ast. Manager) Yeng Yeng (Associates) Sheila Mathavan (Associates) Jeevan (Associates) Emarina Kamal (Associates) Yvonne (Associates) Nurul Hidayah (Intern) Nur Nazihah (Associates) Sharol (Intern) Heryandy Ramli (Associates) Mohd Syafiq (Intern) BACKGROUND OF STUDY This study is conducted to identify the factors of successful sports marketing strategies in pay TV industry in Malaysia which is solely owned by Astro MEASAT Broadcast Network Systems Sdn Bhd. Astro is a leading pay TV with no major competition in this industry for over 10 years is providing its premium sports package in broadcasting the worlds best sports on air. The exclusivity of Astro in showing the worlds best sports has become its major success in up-selling the sports package. Since Astro is represented as a global business environment where most of the contents are taken internationally and disseminate in Asia, how well the firm can do profit and improve humanity can be the most important dimension to look at through deeper understand in consumers preferences and income level (Van R. Wood, Dennis A.Pitta, Frank J. Franzak, 2008). Astro sports marketing team is now trying to adapt to local consumer buying behaviour and needs that are driven by the differences in cultural norm s. This study later will determine how it can be one of the important factors taken into consideration to ensure the success of sports marketing program strategies. According to Vivienne Shaw (2000) is her study on successful marketing strategies of German companies in the UK, she had identify that strategic objectives and focus, customer targets, competitor targets and competitive advantage, and interaction of marketing mix play a major role to ensure success. Besides aiming to discover the correlation between customer marketing strategies implementation, it is also will determine the feedbacks from rewarding its current 1.53 million sports package subscribers through the execution of sports ground events and corporate social responsibility. However, the ultimate objective of sports marketing is to achieve 1.8 million subscribers and increase average revenue per user (ARPU) still hasnt reached yet. Therefore, in this study, we will also find ways on how Astro can achieve its target either by peer influence and freedom of choice in choosing the most updating sports content. As the sports pack is the most expensive pack among all packages availab le, the benefits that subscribers will gain from paying the fees to watch the best in the world sports will be determined throughout the research. PROBLEM STATEMENT Ideal approach to pursuit the marketing strategies are important to win the heart of sports package subscribers. Among the all content packages offered by Astro including the basic pack, sports package is the most expensive of all. To retain the customers from reverting to original pack combo by withdrawing the sports package in Astro packs can be a major problem face by the organization as consumers want the best value for every cent paid to watch the best worlds sports on air. Therefore, Astro needs to give the best value and sport contents available that worth paying by consumers. Another problem faced is to ensure exclusivity of Astro sports pack from other competitors in broadcasting industry such as RTM and TV3. According to Simon (1992, p.6), he stated that organisations must be able to manage the integration of market and technology as equally driving forces. With the technology advancement, sports pack can be integrated into incredible pack that competitors doesnt have such as watching sports game in high definition (HD) instead of standard definition (SD). The internal factors that influence the successful of sports marketing program are also been questioned on the level of its effectiveness. Major challenges for managers according to Eleri R. Thorpe and Robert E.Morgan (2007) are on how manager direct the efforts of talented employees in given time frame and how manager guarantee that aims mission of intended marketing strategy is clearly understood by employees. As consumers not only looking forward for the international sports team, it is also another drawback because Astro needs to fulfil the local consumers taste by broadcasting local game on air in the sports package. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY The objectives of conducting this research are: To discover the success factors sports marketing strategies in pay TV industry in Malaysia. To identify how sports marketing strategies will be able to cater and fulfil the differences in consumers preferences. To reward consumers with feeling of belonging through CSR and ground events organized by the Sports Marketing team. To identify the benefits gained when subscribers pay monthly fees to subscribe to Astro sports pack as compare to watch sports at non-pay TV station. RESEARCH QUESTION In conducting this research, the questions below need to be answered through observation, interview the internal parties or from consumers feedbacks. How Astro sports marketing strategies able to cater and fulfil the consumers preferences in terms of gender, cultural and income level differences? What can Astro sports marketing team do to make customers have the feeling of belonging through corporate social responsibility (CSR) and ground events to reward loyal customers? How Astro can provide freedom of choice in choosing the most updated sports content in any platform through the adaptation of marketing strategies and marketing mix? What are the benefits received or caused-related marketing effected the subscribers when they subscribes to the sports package and pay the monthly fees throughout the years in comparison with watching sports game broadcasted in non-pay TV? SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY This study can be significance not only to the organization itself, but to customers and to the nation. Firstly, the researcher intended to discover the success factors of Sport Marketing strategies in pay TV industry in Malaysia for the benefit of the organization that helps to overcome the barriers and undesirable outcomes by learning all about the current subscribers and potential subscribers of sports pack. Secondly, this study also addressed to create awareness and positive identity that diverse Astro sports pack with other competitors in sports channel especially in non-pay TV. Another benefit of this study is to create more purchasing powers of consumers in deciding what give the best values for their money. They usually tied up with emotions when considering the purchase decisions. Therefore, through effective marketing strategies, it helps to derive consumers to make purchasing. As Astro is the main Asia pay-TV broadcaster and number one in Malaysia, it assist our country to come out with the technological advancement through the launching of High Definition channels that brings international; sports game lives together in HD direct to customers. It creates international brand image mutually will increase positive image of the nation. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY This research is conducted to identify what are the factors that sports marketing strategies can be successful in retaining the existing sports pack subscribers and attracting potential sports pack subscribers in pay TV industry in Malaysia. Thus it will be restricted only to observation, interviews and secondary data such as annual report. Observation that will be made internally in the organization itself (Astro) by interviewing the samples which is the top level manager in sports marketing team and the employees. Through observation during the ground events and corporate social responsibility done by the team, it helps to determine the success factors. Besides that, the external samples such as Astros customers, sports viewers regardless they are Astro subscribers or not on and consumers with difference genders and income level can be used to obtain results on the level of effectiveness of sports marketing strategies. Those vendors including event agency and producer of sports merchandises who have collaborated with Astro to sustain the premium sports packs can contribute in giving feedbacks and opinion regarding the success factors of Astro Sports Marketing through interview and supporting documents. DEFINITION OF TERMS Sports Sports can be clearly defined as an organized, competitive, and skilful physical activity and it is governed by set or rules and customs. For example of sports are football, badminton, and tennis. Marketing Marketing is a management process through which goods and services move from the concept to customer. As practice, it consists in coordination of four elements called 4Ps which are development of product, determination of price, advertising and publicity namely promotion and selection of distribution which is place. Subscribers As stated in www.thefreedictionary.com, subscribers is defined as to contract to receive and pay for a certain number of issues of a publication, for tickets to a series of events or performances, or for a utility service. In this study context, the subscribers are those who subscribes to Astro sports pack. Consumers behaviour In study conducted by Olympia Business School on Consumer behaviour, they had identified that consumer behaviour means how individuals make decisions to spend their available resources (time, money, and effort) on consumption-related items. It includes the study of what they buy, why they buy it, when they buy it, where they buy it, how often they buy it, and how often they use it. Demographic Factors Demographic factors are characterized by statistical socio-economic characteristic or variables of a population which includes age, sex, education level, income level, marital status, occupation, religion, birth rate, death rate, average size of a family, average age at marriage. Pay TV Pay TV, premium TV or premium channels refer to subscription-based television services, usually provided by both analogue, digital cable and satellite but also increasingly via digital terrestrial and internet television. In this study context, researcher is referring to Astro as the premium pay TV industry in Malaysia. ARPU ARPU is defined as a measure of the revenue generated per user or unit. Average revenue per unit allows for the analysis of a companys revenue generation and growth at the per-unit level, which can help investors to identify which products are high or low revenue-generators. SUMMARY This study is conducted to identify the success factors of sport marketing strategies applied by the marketing team in pay-TV industry. By using the qualitative measures to conduct this study, it will focus more on finding evidence to answer the research questions. Data will be collected through primary data collections which are interview and observation. Besides that, secondary data collection also will be used such as from the annual report. This study is conducted within the organization itself and consumers feedbacks and point of view towards marketing strategies of sports marketing. Researcher used Judgment Sampling method and Convenience Sampling method. To analyze the findings and data, it will be analyze through Content Analysis, event Analysis and Phenomenology Analysis and there is no computer software involve analyzing the data. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW CONSUMERS DIFFERENCES AND PREFERENCES Different consumer has their own perceptions towards the need of subscribing to the Astro sports package. Through segmenting customers into geographic, demographic, psychographic and behavioural attributes, it helps to identify potential market for up selling the sports pack. According to Helen Reijonen and Tommi Laukkanen (2009), the advancement in information technologies had enable enterprises to collect more and in-depth information about their customers and make it useful for strategic business purpose. Besides that, through consumers socialization, it is also will affect the acceptance of sports package regardless of gender and culture. In research conducted by Luiz Moutinhon and Pedro DionÄ ±Ã‚ ´sio and Carmo Leal (2008) in the process of socialization can be seen as a deliberated act of identity construction the neophyte member begins to deliberately adopt mannerisms, attitudes, and styles of dress, speech, and behavior that he or she perceives to be characteristic of established members. Consumers also will be influenced with the brand image of TV broadcaster in order for them to decide whether to subscribe or not with the pack. Peter Drinkwater and Mark Uncles (2007) examined the impact of program brands on consumer evaluations of television and radio broadcaster brands and come out with finding stated that a successful program on a particular TV/radio station, consumers are likely to improve their perceptions of quality of the broadcaster. That is, the broadcaster brand image is likely to be enhanced. SPORTS MARKETING GROUND EVENTS AND CSR Sports package offered by Astro is currently the premium pack that offers the best sports in the world. Thus, all the sports fans in Malaysia depending on level of income who dont want to missed the live game broadcasted in sports channel will definitely subscribes to the sports package. According to Luiz Moutinhon and Pedro DionÄ ±Ã‚ ´sio and Carmo Leal (2008), in sports activities have always constituted an essential component of free time occupation TV in contemporary societies and in Europe, broadcasting and live attendance of sport games join together every year millions of supporters. The 2006 World Cup was seen in 154 countries by a total of 354,000 of million spectators. This showed that the sports game broadcasted in TV has its own superiority to attract more viewers to subscribe to Astro sports pack. However, to retain the customer loyalty from withdrawing the sports pack, the important of ground events and corporate social responsibility needs to be done. In study done by Anne-Marie Hede examined how special events, such as sporting, cultural, political, historical, religious or commercial/business events, provide opportunities for attendees to have memorable experiences communities to build social capital and for governments to induce new income into their economies though increased tourism and business activities. She also point out that large events such as the Olympic Games can customize product features and develop selling techniques tailored to local customs and cultures. MARKETING STRATEGIES Marketing strategies is the most important principle that needs to be determined to cater target market. With appropriate marketing mix 4Ps including product, price, place and promotion adapted; it helps to ensure success for sports marketing in pay TV industry. In research conducted by Anthony R. Bennet (1997), he stated that when organizations apply the marketing mix principle to market making, targeting the customer, it will involves giving value in relation to quality, value for money, reliability, product performance, cost effectiveness, fitness for purpose and so on. Water Wymer (2011) in his research Developing More Effective Social Marketing Strategies stated that social marketers have tended to limit their choice of set of social marketing strategies to various applications of 4Ps aiming to change individual behaviour and attitudes. However, some barriers may arise that caused marketing strategy to fails. Another research conducted by Water Wymer (et.al) if the social marketing strategy fails to remove an environmental barrier, the social marketing programs effectiveness will be lessened. In relation to this, Anthony R.Bennet (et.al) came out with a findings that channeling an organizational resources into the provision of products and services, it is argues that such strategic focus, on behalf of the organization concerned, will ultimately achieve the objectives set out. Organizational marketing activities will be influenced through publicity and helps to enhance brand image. According to Harlam E.vSpotts and Marc G. Weinberger, both communications activities might play a central role in developing and shaping the corporate brand. BENEFIT AND CAUSE-RELATED MARKETING EFFECTS The first question that always lingers in customers mind is whether the money they are paying is worth the value they receive when subscribing to the premium sports pack. In study conducted by Rob Docters, Raul Katz, Jerry Bernstein and Bert Schefer (2010), customers must first learn about the product and service, use and appreciate the value and lastly reassessment the value and benefits they gained. This research also came out with findings that familiarity of products will lead to usage and enjoyment of product and service. Besides that, through enjoyment of usage, it will leads to higher utility and satisfaction. Individuals also may derive the strength and sense of identity as they are socializing through groups. This can say to be a benefit when they gather together and use sports content as mean to socializing. According to Leal Luiz Moutinho, Pedro DionÄ ±Ã‚ ´sio and Carmo (et.al), individuals are unable to form self-images in the absence of a social identity derived from group affiliations. Stronger identification leads the individual to attribute desirable characteristics of the group to the self, and to assume a greater similarity with other group members. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH DESIGN PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study is to determine to what extend that the Sports Marketing team has done its strategy to get Malaysian households to subscribe to Astro sports pack which currently the most expensive pack among all pack is offered by Astro. Up until now, it has 1.53 million subscribers of sports pack. Since its a customer base type of business, Sports Marketing has done excessive marketing strategies including content, pricing, package quality and customer loyalty to ensure the success. TYPE OF STUDY In conducting this study, the researcher has chosen the Qualitative method to discover the success factors of sports marketing strategies and it does not involve any measurement and statistical data. This type of study is more to finding the answer through evidence and providing textual description on the study. It is done through naturalistic and participant observation and also through interview. SAMPLING Throughout the research, the sampling techniques used in conducting this study are firstly Convenience Sampling Techniques, which involve in engaging the most accessible subjects mainly, the sports packs subscriber. Secondly, sampling technique use is a Judgment Technique by selecting the most productive sample to answer the research questions. Researcher decided to choose the Sports Marketing team itself in MBNS, vendors that engage with the events organized by the team, and feedbacks from useful potential candidates through their experience and public attitude towards the study. DATA COLLECTION In collecting data for this study, the primary method used is by internal observation throughout the meetings, ground events and planning of marketing strategies. Besides that, it also can be collected through interviewing the respective sports marketing team regarding the on-going process of marketing strategies and their perceptions toward customer acceptance of their marketing effort. Vendors and event agencies that engage directly with the sports marketing team also can provide data through interview on their point of view and also external observation. Lastly, another way of collecting data is through the secondary data which is the Astro Annual Report. CHAPTER 4 FINDINGS CONSUMERS DIFFERENCES AND PREFERENCES In Malaysia, there are many consumers differences that need to be taken aware before we want to market our products or services. Seeing that we are rich with multiracial, religions and ethnicities, sometimes we have a tendency to forget that all of us have differences in tastes and preferences. According to the Vice President of Astro Customer Marketing, Madam Molina Musa, in depth identification and segmentation of target market according to their demographic, psychographic and behavioural factors must be clearly acknowledged in order to ensure we achieve our target. Organizations must identify and target the most attractive market segments to ensure they can serve their products and services effectively. During the process of segmenting the target market for Astro sports pack, there are several key points to ensure the marketing team does not make any mistake thus affecting the marketing process. The segments that they are targeting first must be identifiable or easy to define and measure such as the income level. Second is it must be sizeable or large enough to be worth going after, this means that the market size is big to respond. Third is accessible which mean the market must be easy to reached when the company is doing promotion and through distribution such as media infrastructure and facilities. Another important factor is the market must be stable which means theres no war and crisis. The market also must be responsive to the marketing strategies and take action towards it such as by making purchasing. These key points also is supported in a book titled Global Marketing. In pay TV industry, the first and foremost important target market that they are aiming is depending on age, income level, lifestyle, viewing pattern and either they are housewives (HWs) or Professionals, Managers, Executives or Businessman (PMEBs). However, according to Nik Mohd Faidz, 29, Assistant Manager of Astro Customer Marketing, the main target for sports channel is to target those who are in PMEBs category. PMEBs usually are those who are age between 25 to 60 years old, and their main viewing time will be after office hour which is between 8 pm to 12 am and their ARPU is above RM100, which means they will spend more than RM100 to pay for the pay TV services. Another factor that ensures success for the sports marketing team to up sell the sports pack is when they are able to segment their target market according to their area whether they are from rural or urban, age, gender, behaviour and culture. For those who are living in urban area such as Kuala Lumpur, Johor Bahru, Georgetown Penang, they are more likely to watch international sports tournament such as Barclay Premiere League for football, NBA All Star Game for basketball, Formula One and maybe The President Cup for golf. Hence this type of consumers preferences will opt to watch Astro Supersports, ESPN, Golf channel and STAR sports or Eurosport. In contrast, those who are living in rural area such as in Kelantan and Kedah, they are more interested to watch Malaysian sports tournament such as Badminton, Malaysian Bowling tournament, Malaysian Football. Therefore, they will opt to Astro Arena since the channel only shows local sports updates and it is free. This statement is agreed by Venu Ramadass, the Astro ARENA president. ARENA also offers customers the 24-hour nonstop coverage of major regional and local sporting events as well as in-depth and extensive news coverage of matches and developments concerning local sports and athletes. However, during the big event that will attract all sports fan regardless where they come from, such as Thomas Cup, World Cup, they will definitely choose those channels that shows the live broadcasted matches. The differences and preferences of consumers can be furthered explain and summarized in the diagram below. Diagram 1.0 CREATE AWARENESS THROUGH GROUND EVENTS AND CSR Another factor that leads to success of Astro Sports is through the excessive ground events organized by the team to create relationship between subscribers and the organization. It is one of the marketing teams manners to encourage direct participants and involvement to get connected with subscribers, says Mr. Herman Aziz, Assistant Vice President for Customer Marketing in Greenfield segment. For Ground event here means events, road shows, tours, and concerts or street party held during the live match or to reward loyal customers. For example, during the Astro Barclays Premiere League (BPL) Viewing Party, Astro marketing has allocated roughly about RM100, 000 to run twelve ground events that associate with BPL live match. Latest, during the match between Manchester United and Liverpool, held on 6th March 2011 at Bola Bistro, Sunway Giza, Damansara, Astro has specially invited thirty lucky astro sports pack subscribers and twenty seats were allocated exclusively for both media and VVIP. According to Rakesh, Manager of event agency, Rhythm Production who was appointed by Astro Sports team to manage the ground events, the main purpose for inviting media is to gain positive feedback and to get them covered positive news to be featured in newspaper, sports magazine and television. VVIP that were invited usually those top managers from Astro team and sponsors such as Panasonic, Maxis and MYEG. Astro also will get the sportsmen, locally or internationally to involve with these kinds of road shows or tours so subscribers can get connected with sports player. For example, during the Master Football Asia, Astro has collaborated Football All Asia as one of the top sponsor to sponsor the tickets to lucky subscribers to watch the game played by star players from Manchester United, Liverpool and EPL All Stars such as Andy Cole, Robbie Fowler and David Seaman. Another example is during Astro Arena ground event in Malaysia, they will bring along the local sports men and also their ambassadors to join and interact with subscribers such as the famous Malaysian goalkeeper, Khairul Fahmi. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) also plays an important role to ensure the success for marketing programme. Known as corporate citizenship, it is functioning as a companys responsibility towards society and environment by encouraging a positive impact through activities. It must be aligned with ethical standards, country law and norms to avoid any negative effects in a business environment. With collaboration with the loyalty team and community affairs, Astro sports marketing can deliver the message directly to subscribers. For example, Astro sports marketing organized a Kem B.O.L.A as one of their CSR effort to students in primary school. This Kem B.O.LA, according Venu Ramadass, is functioning as a clinic to give intensive training to selected students with high potential in football and to motivate them as well as nurturing their sense of sportsmanship and competitiveness Another clinic was organized by Astro incorporation with BMW team to give intensive training to those amateur tennis players. It was called Astro Tennis Clinic that was held recently, in March 2011. Besides clinic and intensive training, Astro sports marketing and loyalty team will work together to help those who are unfortunate by giving free tickets to watch football matches, to participate in ground events and also charity dinner. ADAPTATION OF MARKETING STRATEGIES AND MARKETING MIX The adaptations of marketing strategies are strongly allied with the four Ps which are Product, Price, Place and Promotion. In general, a business entity needs a product that has potential to be sold, at reasonable price, has a medium to deliver the product to market and promotion efforts to inform the potential buyers about the product. All these Ps are inter-related with one another. According to the Assistant Vice President of Sports Marketing, Mr. Ahmad Faisal, if one of these Ps is not available, the products will not success in marketplace. He also further explain on all of the four Ps functions in details as per below. The first P is product and it can be defined as tangible or intangible goods and services that a seller offers a buyer to purchase. Tangible products here mean go